Economic
Highlights
New Delhi, 12 September 2014
Relook Jan Dhan
NEEDS OUT-OF-BOX THINKING
By Shivaji Sarkar
Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Jan Dhan scheme on the
one hand drew over 1.5 crore responses in just two days and on the other got flak
from the elite. While the poor have not exactly welcomed it, the non-poor, not
necessarily the rich, have too scoffed at the idea, despite opening an account
to gobble up the promised benefits – zero balance account, free credit up to Rs
5000 and an insurance cover of Rs 1 lakh.
The elite are particularly critical and rightly so. The
scheme risks their deposits and raises their banking costs. They view it as
subsidising the poor, through both higher banking charges and payments to be
made to the banks by the governments – i.e. the taxes finding their way into
the desired social inclusion objective.
Modi has imbibed the idea of the World Bank to
include the most vulnerable sections into the financial system. Earlier, the
country had introduced the concept in many ways through the Reserve Bank’s
initiatives. There are many micro-finance schemes launched on the pattern of
Bangladesh Grameen Bank.
Micro-finance companies are not allowed to function
as banks or have deposits, as a precaution against ponzi-type swindling
operations. This has led to higher borrowing costs and lending rates. The poor,
who use it, pay 20 to 30 per cent as interest. If with regulatory checks,
deposits are allowed, the cost could come down to less than half, says Ramesh
Ramanathan, former head of Citibank’s corporate derivatives in London, who has started Janalakshmi lending
institution for the urban Indians. Soon, he found, the customers demanded a range
of services—savings accounts, insurance, and remittance channels—unavailable
through group loans. “What these people want is a bank,” explains Ramanathan.
Rural credit also has similar problems. In 2005, the Government
started pushing “no-frills” accounts that required no minimum balance. Eight
millions signed up till 2011, but few use these accounts. Mobile banking,
without a regulatory push or supportive telecom setting, has not taken off
either.
Fifty-nine per cent of
Indian adults lack bank accounts. A World Bank report, Gobal Findex, says that only 35 per cent
of Indian adults have an account at a formal financial institution—a bank,
credit union, cooperative, post office, or microfinance institution. Still account penetration in India is just
below that in the rest of the developing world. It is significantly lower than
that in the other BRICS economies—Brazil,
the Russian Federation, China, and South Africa.
This is what Modi wants to make up for. Large
sections of the society, like him feel that those deprived of bank accounts
need to be given one. But the question is should it be at public expense? Many
say if the society has failed in creating financial strength of its people, it must
own up the responsibility to build it up. It is a fine moral question but what
about commercial costs.
Remember, some years ago opening a bank account was
easy. Anybody could walk into a bank, have himself/herself introduced by any
account holder or any other person and could open an account. However, since
the past few years it has become complicated with the so-called KYC (Know Your
Customer) norms, where even an existing account holder is treated like a rogue/criminal.
It won’t be wrong to say that many Indians would be looking for ways to get out
of the present oppressive banking system.
On the other hand, if the procedure is simplified and
financial education widespread, the Government would neither have to ask the
public sector banks to take on the burden of opening accounts with no balance
nor would it have to pay charges to the banks for maintaining such accounts.
More so as many public sector banks have become usurpers.
Likewise, the Government should consider how
micro-finance units could open savings accounts. It would be an incentive for
them as well as the Government may not have to take the burden of shelling out
the extra fund, which could be better used.
Migratory labour particularly has a problem. Most of
them do not have a fixed address. To have a bank account is difficult for them.
They need to remit huge sums. Almost 90 per cent of it occurs through informal
channels, usually hawala. Thus, micro-finance savings accounts could
fill this wide gap.
The labour class, small and medium businesses too shy
away from using the formal banking channels for fear of income-tax authorities,
who swoop to have their cut, on these poor men’s transactions. Why then can’t
we make banking free of income-tax (I-T) hassles?
Mobile transfers remain in a quagmire but parallel
institutions use them effectively for quick transfers for remittances. In many emerging markets, the
low-income consumer is served by ‘mom and pop’ service providers, who are
outside the organized sector and hence not regulated.
That is the challenge of Jan Dhan scheme. Would it
able to fill these gaps? Prime Minister Modi should have a relook at the
problems that prevent universal banking. At the same time, he needs to rope in
the local money lenders (sahukars) into the system. They provide
immediate loans to the needy, take care that their recovery agents don’t visit a
home in a village if a guest is there, allow women to use pawned jewellery at
functions and show similar social concerns. Ironically, the most despised in
many cases have become social assets.
The country also needs to realise that no-frills bank accounts are
already in existence as a means of profitably serving small balance customers.
The product prohibits ATMs. It also limits the number of deposits and other
transactions from such accounts. Jan Dhan is an extension but is not always a
solution to the sahukar.
Indian banks, especially those in the public sector,
have made substantial efforts to tap the country's rural population. But
expanding through branches has been a costly and largely unsuccessful
endeavour. Another problem for such accounts is the income. With poor incomes;
average income, as per World Bank, in this country is to touch $ 2 a day (50
paise at 2004-05 prices); such accounts in most cases might remain inoperative.
For transferring cash benefits, the Government
should consider how the mobile phone – almost 80 crore have it against
approximately 38 crore bank accounts – could be used. It would be easier,
cheaper and reach the target without a hassle if properly dovetailed.
Undeniably, Jan Dhan is well-intentioned. Its
success depends on how it benefits the masses through marrying it with fast technological
solutions and includes various formal (microfinance, National Savings Scheme)
and informal (sahukar and hawala) models. It can become a
precursor for future financial inclusion with a little more thought and
broad-basing, may be without a bank account. ---INFA
(Copyright,
India News and Feature Alliance)
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