Open Forum
New Delhi, 9 May 2019
Voter Apathy
CAUSES & REMEDIES
By Dr. S. Saraswathi
(Former Director ICSSR, New Delhi)
Voter turnout in the
four phases, where 2019 Lok Sabha elections were completed last week, is
reported to be better than in 2014 when the highest turn out since independence
(66.38%) was recorded. According to the Election Commission, voters comprised a
little over 21.5 crore men and over 20.31crore women.
More interesting is
the information that women voters outnumbered men voters in nine States and UTs
in the four phases. Meghalaya in the North-East recorded the highest percentage
of women voters (52.13) followed by
Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh.
Several deficiencies
in the electoral system and functioning in India noticed over a period of seven
decades already discussed several times are coming up once again perhaps
because the present election is going through the most bitter fight since Independence.
One of these is the low rate of voter turnout in many places due to various
reasons. Voter apathy is a cause to worry if it is true as believed by many.
Apathy is often due
to voter fatigue caused by frequent elections. In India political elections are
held for Parliament, Assemblies, Corporations, Municipalities, and three tiers
of Panchayati raj and any number of by-elections to fill up vacancies. Only Lok
Sabha election is a nation-wide event. Somewhere some election is going on
throughout the year making the election management bodies, once placed at
second level in administrative importance, the busiest Constitutional body
today.
Voting being a civic
right and not a duty, voter apathy has to be tolerated. Treatment for it is to
build contacts and conversations between members of elected bodies and voters.
Just as freedom to speak includes freedom not to speak, freedom to vote
includes freedom not to vote.
Simultaneous election
to Parliament and Assemblies - seriously debated as an important electoral
reform - is also considered as a remedy to address this sickening voter fatigue
though not a panacea for electoral illness. But, there are many practical
problems in adopting it.
Voter apathy is
different from political alienation, which is caused by a feeling of
estrangement from the system. It arises from dejection due to a feeling of
being left out in the political process.
Generally, small minority groups cherishing strong feelings of
separateness from the majority coupled with oneness within themselves, feel
alienated. Such minorities are not necessarily social and cultural; they may
even be political groups. Occasional reports of particular villages, areas or
social groups advocating boycott of elections are coming, which are signs of political
alienation which is different from normal voter apathy.
In most democracies,
voting is a right and in some a civic responsibility. There are also
democracies where voting is compulsory and regulated by national constitutions
and electoral laws. Sanctions, penalties, or punishments are provided for
non-voting as a civic offence. But, available reports point to lack of
enforcement of compulsion in most places suggesting that compulsion is symbolic
to enhance political participation.
The-First-Past-The-Post
system, which permits winning people’s mandate on minority vote, further loses
credibility as a democratic method by low voter turnout going even below 50 per
cent. Compulsory voting is suggested as a remedy, but it is a rather drastic
form of thrusting a right as a duty.
The oldest form of
compulsory voting introduced in 1893 in Belgium National Assembly was extended
to provincial elections in 1921, to communal elections in 1932, and to European
Parliament in 1989. Introduced initially for men, it was extended to women in
1948 and the system is still in vogue. Those who fail to vote without proper
justification may face prosecution and may be fined. Argentina introduced
compulsory voting in 1914.
By 2013, provision
for compulsory voting existed in 22 countries. Most of them are small countries
except Australia where compulsory enrolment was introduced for federal election
in 1912 and compulsory voting in 1924 for British subjects. Voting right was
granted to indigenous population in 1949, but enrolment was not compulsory
until 1984.
The Netherlands and
Venezuela, which introduced compulsory voting reverted to voluntary voting. The
last compulsory voting took place in The Netherlands in 1967 and in Venezuela
in 1993. Voting rate drastically declined in subsequent elections conducted on
voluntary voting basis. Chile enforced compulsory voting for some years, but
abandoned it in 2012. In Brazil, except for illiterate, youth between 16 and 18
years, and the elderly above 75 years of age, voting is compulsory and failure
carries fines.
In Singapore
non-voters are removed from the voter register and are disqualified from
contesting elections. They can be readmitted only on fresh application. In the
US, voter turnout has been much less than in many developing countries, but
there is no support for compulsory voting system. According to PEW research
data, 56 per cent of voting age population voted in 2016 presidential election
in USA which placed it in rank 31 among 35 countries covered in the study. The Census Bureau recorded that that there
were about 245.5 million Americans aged 18 and above, but only 157.6 million
were registered voters. Voter turnout in 2016 was slightly higher than in 2012,
but lower than 2008 record.
Compulsory voting is
not a foolproof solution to low voting. Its intended effects may be nullified
by high proportion of spoilt ballots or “donkey votes” as they are called in
places where preference vote is permitted with compulsory voting system. In
preference voting, a system of ranking candidates on the ballot paper is
allowed. High proportion of “donkey votes” is an indicator of voter apathy,
protest or ignorance. Such systems, which apparently look like providing more
scope for choice of voters, only complicate voting procedure and encourage
frivolous ranking, and blank or invalid votes.
In India, voting
machines, after listing names of candidates, include NOTA (none of the above)
for the benefit of voters not in favour of any candidate in the contest. NOTA
votes may increase if compulsory voting is enforced.
NOTA vote has gained
popularity in India and is used by conscious voters who do not want to support
anybody in the list, but want to prevent bogus voting. Even if NOTA votes
constitute the majority of votes polled, the candidate securing highest number,
however small, is declared elected.
Besides India, NOTA
vote is permitted in Greece, Ukraine, Spain, North Korea, Columbia, and US
State of Nevada. Russia had the system for some time, but abolished it in 2006.
Bangladesh introduced it in 2008.
Given the size of the
country and plurality of problems, it is impossible to enforce compulsion in
voting in India. It may be argued that there is practically no incentive for
average voters to vote whereas voting involves expenditure in travel and loss
of income for the self-employed.
In several countries,
vote buying campaigns are common on a massive scale. Model Code of Conduct in
India prohibits providing vehicles to transport voters to polling booths. In
this context, compulsory voting system may increase cases of “cash for votes”
and flow of “election gifts” from candidates.
We have to stop
thinking of impracticable suggestions and cleanse the election atmosphere mired
in corrupt practices. This itself will lessen voter apathy. ---INFA
(Copyright, India
News & Feature Alliance)
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